Bibliography

Below is a running list of publications and working papers that use the Census Tree links. To include your work in this list, please use our Contact form.

Published Articles

• Ager, Philipp, Francesco Cinnirella, Katherine Eriksson, and Viktor Malein. 2025. “Kindergartens and Intergenerational Mobility.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 115: 415–20. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251024.

• Feigenbaum, James, and Daniel P Gross. 2024. “Answering the Call of Automation: How the Labor Market Adjusted to Mechanizing Telephone Operation*.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 139 (3): 1879–939. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae005.

• Gabriel, Ryan, Adrian Haws, Amy Kate Bailey, and Joseph Price. 2023. “The Migration of Lynch Victims’ Families, 1880–1930.” Demography 60 (4): 1235–56. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10881293.

• Halliday, Timothy, Sumner La Croix, Joseph Price, and Jacob Van Leeuwen. 2024. “Male-Biased Sex Ratios, Marriage, and Household Composition in Early Twentieth-Century Hawai‘i.” Asia-Pacific Economic History Review 64 (1): 113–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12280.

• Haws, Adrian, David R. Just, and Joseph Price. 2025. “Who (Actually) Gets the Farm? Intergenerational Farm Succession in the United States.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 107 (1): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12493.

• Michelman, Valerie, Joseph Price, and Seth D Zimmerman. 2022. “Old Boys’ Clubs and Upward Mobility Among the Educational Elite*.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 137 (2): 845–909. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab047.

• Nelson, Matt A. 2025. “Identifying Matrilineal Kin Networks in the United States 1900–1940.” The History of the Family, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2025.2514617.

• Otterstrom, Samuel M., Joseph P. Price, and Jacob Van Leeuwen. 2022. “Using Linked Census Records to Study Shrinking Cities in the United States from 1900 to 1940.” The Professional Geographer 74 (1): 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2021.1952882.

• Price, Joseph, Kasey Buckles, Jacob Van Leeuwen, and Isaac Riley. 2024. “Combining Family History and Machine Learning to Link Historical Records: The Census Tree Data Set.” Explorations in Economic History 80: 101391.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101391.

Working Papers

• Withrow, Jennifer. 2025. “Gender and Racial Differences in Migration Behavior: Evidence from the Farm Exodus within and out of the U.S. South, 1900-1940.” Forthcoming in the Journal of Economic History. Accessible here.

• Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, and Tamar Matiashvili. 2025. “Intergenerational Mobility over Two Centuries.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33330. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33330.

• Abramitzky, Ran, Jacob Conway, Roy Mill, and Luke Stein. 2023. “The Gendered Impacts of Perceived Skin Tone: Evidence from African-American Siblings in 1870–1940.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 31016. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31016.

• Abramitzky, Ran, Lena Greska, Santiago Pérez, Joseph Price, Carlo Schwarz, and Fabian Waldinger. 2024. “Climbing the Ivory Tower: How Socio-Economic Background Shapes Academia.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33289. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33289.

• Abramitzky, Ran, Jennifer K. Kowalski, Santiago Pérez, and Joseph Price. 2024. “The G.I. Bill, Standardized Testing, and Socioeconomic Origins of the U.S. Educational Elite Over a Century.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33164. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33164.

• Ager, Philipp, Casper W Hansen, and Peter Z Lin. 2023. “Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence From the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria.” Working Paper. EHES Working Paper 241. European Historical Economics Society. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/298554.

• Ager, Philipp, and Viktor Malein. 2024. “The Long-Term Effects of Charity Nurseries: Evidence from Early 20th Century New York.” Working Paper. EHES Working Paper, No. 263. European Historical Economics Society. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/302252.

• Aizer, Anna, Gabrielle Grafton, and Santiago Pérez. 2025. “Daughters as Safety Net? Family Responses to Parental Employment Shocks: Evidence from Alcohol Prohibition.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33346. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33346.

• Aneja, Abhay, Silvia Farina, and Guo Xu. 2024. “Beyond the War: Public Service and the Transmission of Gender Norms.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 32639. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w32639.

• Bazzi, Samuel, Abel Brodeur, Martin Fiszbein, and Joanne Haddad. 2023. “Frontier History and Gender Norms in the United States.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31079.

• Berger, Thor, Mounir Karadja, and Erik Prawitz. 2025. “Cities and the Rise of Working Women.” Working Paper. IFN Working Paper 1516. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5097122.

• Bleemer, Zachary, and Sarah Quincy. 2025. “Changes in the College Mobility Pipeline Since 1900.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33797. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33797.

• Buckles, Kasey, Adrian Haws, Joseph Price, and Haley E.B. Wilbert. 2023. “Breakthroughs in Historical Record Linking Using Genealogy Data: The Census Tree Project.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 31671. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31671.

• Buckles, Kasey, Joseph Price, Zachary Ward, and Haley E.B. Wilbert. 2023. “Family Trees and Falling Apples: Historical Intergenerational Mobility Estimates for Women and Men.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 31918. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31918.

• Bullard, Maxwell, and Jacob Van Leeuwen. 2025. “The Economic Effects of Place: Evidence from Child Migration during the Orphan Train Movement.” Working Paper No. 5237871. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5237871.

• Chapel, Jack, and Yi-Ju Hung. 2024. “The Great Migration’s Impact on Southern Inequality.” Working Paper. https://jmchap.github.io/jackchapel/Chapel_great_outmigration.pdf.

• Clay, Karen, and Ethan J. Schmick. 2020. “Early Life Shocks, Market Adjustments, and Black-White Inequality.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 27101. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27101.

• Cockriel, William Mark. 2024. “Machines Eating Men: Shoemakers and Their Children After the McKay Stitcher.” In Technological Disruption in the 19th Century United States. Doctoral Dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/8wk3ngxp6q2esf6u4so2d/WillCockriel_JMP.pdf?dl=0&rlkey=qoqy0yzngduovx34lptpxlpc8.

• Cools, Angela, Jared Grooms, Krzysztof Karbownik, Siobhan M. O’Keefe, Joseph Price, and Anthony Wray. 2024. “Birth Order in the Very Long-Run: Estimating Firstborn Premiums between 1850 and 1940.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 32407. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w32407.

• Dutta, Harsha. 2024. “Unequal Legacies of Financial Crises Evidence from the Panic of 1873.” Job Market Paper. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bhbok9e9iq8r64ichrr8f/JMP_Harsha_Dutta.pdf?rlkey=on8krn9qm42xjchs4pzs6wm2l&e=1&st=h4iyjv28&dl=0.

• Ellsworth, Cache, Ian Fillmore, Adrian Haws, and Joseph Price. 2023. “The Long-Run Effects of Parental Wealth Shocks on Children.” Working Paper. https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f225964.pdf.

• Espín-Sánchez, José-Antonio, Joseph P. Ferrie, and Christopher Vickers. 2023. “Women and the Econometrics of Family Trees.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 31598. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31598.

• Gillen, Aurélie, Eric Strobl, and Luisito Bertinelli. 2025. “Bugged Out: Locust Plagues, Migration, and Adaptation in 19th Century US.” Working Paper No. 5148153. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5148153.

• Giordano, Michael. 2025. “Park Avenues: Wealth, Neighborhoods, and Mobility in Gilded Age Manhattan.” Working Paper No. 5254607. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5254607.

• Goldstein, Ezra G., Kitchens, Carl T., Maillet, Annalise, and Rodgers, Luke P. 2025. “1918 Influenza Pandemic Across America - New Evidence Using County-Level Data.” Working Paper.

• Harris, Andrenay and Leeuwen, Jacob Van. 2024. “The Socioeconomic Effects of Forced Displacement: Evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority.” Working Paper. https://github.com/Andrenay/website/blob/gh-pages/Job%20Market%20Paper.pdf.

• Janas, Pawel. 2024. “Crises and Educational Attainment.” Working Paper No. 5101473. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5101473.

• Janas, Pawel. 2025. “Public Goods Under Financial Distress.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 34011. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w34011.

• Jaworski, Taylor, Erik O. Kimbrough, and Nicole Saito. 2024. “How Important Are Cultural Frictions for Internal Migration? Evidence from the Nineteenth Century United States.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33192. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33192.

• Jaworski, Taylor, Kitchens, Carl T., and Rodgers, Luke P. 2025. “Human Capital Decisions in Resource Booms: Evidence for the Role of Dynamic Complementarities.” Working Paper.

• Jou, Ariadna, and Tommy Morgan. 2025. “Do Relief Programs Compensate for Longevity Losses From Recessions? Evidence from the Great Depression and the New Deal.” Working Paper No. 5188516. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5188516.

• Jutt, Adam D, and John M Parman. 2024. “The Great Migration and Women’s Work.” Working Paper. https://jmparman.people.wm.edu/research-files/great_migration_and_female_lfp.pdf.

• Kalsi, Priti, and Zachary Ward. 2025. “The Gilded Age and Beyond: The Persistence of Elite Wealth in American History.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33355. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33355.

• Kim, Amy, and Carolyn Tsao. 2024. “The Effects of Prohibiting Marriage Bars: The Case of U.S. Teachers.” Working Paper. https://carolyntsao.github.io/website/marriage_bars.pdf.

• Kowalski, Jennifer. 2024a. “College Dynasties.” In Essays in American Economic History. Doctoral Dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.proquest.com/docview/3110415166?sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses.

• Kowalski, Jennifer. 2024b. “Socioeconomic Origins of the US Educational Elite: 1915-2013.” In Essays in American Economic History. Doctoral Dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.proquest.com/docview/3110415166?sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses.

• Li, Sophie. 2024. “The Effect of a Woman-Friendly Occupation on Employment: U.S. Postmasters Before World War II.” Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/vsq9m.

• Li, Sophie. 2025. “Returns to Education for Women in the Mid-Twentieth Century: Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws.” Working Paper. https://sophieli-econ.github.io/pdfs/SophieLi_Returns_Education.pdf.

• Mattheis, Ross. 2024. “Spurious Mobility in Imperfectly Linked Historical Data.” Job Market Paper. https://ramattheis.github.io/files/papers/jmp_mattheis.pdf.

• Minyo, Trevor. 2024. “The Impact of Early Youth Agricultural Education on Workforce Outcomes.” Master’s Thesis, Miami University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=miami1714163836563002.

• Price, Joseph, Christian vom Lehn, and Riley Wilson. 2020. “The Winners and Losers of Immigration: Evidence from Linked Historical Data.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 27156. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27156.

• Rashid, Myera. 2025. “Keys to Upward Mobility: Typewriter Adoption and Women’s Economic Outcomes.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series for IPR Graduate Research Assistants. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CMvI-Vac91LeayNSnEHjBe-HZ6SUjWNL/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook.

• Testa, Patrick A., and Jhacova A. Williams. 2025. “Political Foundations of Racial Violence in the Post-Reconstruction South.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 34004. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w34004.

• Van Leeuwen, Jacob. 2023. “The Long-Run and Intergenerational Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure: Evidence from the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.” Working Paper No. 4655232. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4655232.

• Van Leeuwen, Jacob. 2024. “The Long Run Effects of Anti-Immigrant Institutional Discrimination: Evidence from Philadelphia.” Job Market Paper. https://jacobrvl23.github.io/files/van_leeuwen_jmp_Oct2024.pdf.

• Vidart, Daniela. 2024. “Revisiting the Link Between Electrification and Fertility: Evidence from the Early 20th Century United States.” Working paper. RePEc. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/uctuconnp/2024-03.htm.

• Ward, Zachary. 2025. “Women’s Economic Assimilation in the Age of Mass Migration.” Working Paper. https://drive.google.com/file/u/1/d/1-60plkx5n5aoo7pzGnn5NO0rBPZY3Jz-/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook.

• Ward, Zachary, Kasey Buckles, and Joseph Price. 2025. “Like Great-Grandparent, Like Great-Grandchild? Multigenerational Mobility in American History.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series 33923. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33923.

• Yang, Dongkyu. 2024. “Time to Accumulate: The Great Migration and the Rise of the American South.” Preprint.https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/dtxn4.